Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes. They have a variety of internal membrane-bound structures, called organelles, and a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, which play an important role in defining the cell's organization and shape.

Eukaryotic cells are cells that have membranous organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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Parts of eukaryotic cells:

1. Plasma membrane

Composed of fat molecules (2 layers, located in the central part of the membrane) and proteins (outside: peripheral proteins (edge ​​proteins) construct the outer & inner edges of the membrane, there is also a protein that penetrates into 2 layers of fat (called integral proteins).

Plasma membrane function:

1. Protect cell contents (retain cell contents);
2. Setting the entry of molecules (semipermeable / selectively permeable) means only certain substances that can pass through the membrane).
3. As a receptor (receiver) stimulation from outside the cell (the cell part that serves as a receptor is glycoprotein) in the form of chemical stimuli, eg. hormones, toxins, electricity, mechanics.

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Cytoplasm (plasma cell)

It is a fluid that resides in a cell other than nucleoplasm (nuclear plasma). The liquid is called cytosol, a solid of organelles. Cytosols are composed of water, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides, fatty acids, sugars, and ions. (The cytosol has another name: the cytoplasmic matrix).

Cytoplasmic solid consists of organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies. And it has a fluid physical properties because it contains proteins, can be a phase of sol (liquid) and gel phase (gelantin, solid) depending on the condition of the cell.

Cytoplasmic Function:

1. Storage of chemicals essential for cell metabolism (enzymes, sugars, fats, and proteins);
2. Place of discharge and composition of substances through chemical reactions (energy formation, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acids).
   
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Nucleus (Cell nucleus)

It is the largest organelle inside the cell, located in the center of the cell and round or oval. Chromosomes are composed of proteins and DNA (serves to convey genetic information and protein synthesis) and RNA (works for protein synthesis only).

Nucleic content consists of:
The nuclear membrane is the outer and inner membrane, where the outer membrane is directly related to the RE, and finally to the cell membrane.

Nucleoplasm is also called the nucleus matrix (composed of water, proteins, ions, enzymes, and nucleic acid) is gel. In it there are chromatin threads (yarn absorbent colors), during the process of mitosis the chromatin yarn looks shortened and called chromosomes (composed of proteins and DNA). Then the DNA will transcribe itself (copies itself) into RNA released cytoplasm.

Nucleolus is also called the core child, formed at the time of transcription process (RNA synthesis) in the nucleus. Thus, nucleolus is not a fixed organelle, but a sign that the cell is transiting stopped, then the nucleolus will shrink and disappear.

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Nucleus function:

1. Control of all cell activities;
2. Regulator of cell division;
3. The carrier of genetic information (DNA) passes properties through cell division.

Sentriol

Can be seen when the cell held a division in a certain phase, in his life sentriol has cilia / flagella and only found in animal cells. In the cell division the centrioles are perpendicular to each other near the nucleus.

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At centriol mitotic division divided into 2, each section shows the poles of the cell then formed spindle threads that connect the two poles that function "pull" chromosome toward the poles respectively.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Located centered on the inside of the cytoplasm (endoplasm) it is called the Endoplasma Reticulum (RE) which is present only in eukaryotic cells.

Various kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
The rough RE lies in the presence of the cytoplasm and is attached to the ribosome (then it appears to be spotted).
The fine RE contains no ribosomes.

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RE function:

1. Accommodates the protein produced by the ribosome (into the RE cavity) to be channeled to the Golgi body and ends in the cell (rough RE);
2. Synthesizing fats and cholesterol (RE Rough and Fine);
3. Neutralize the toxins (detoxification) of the RE in the liver cells.
4. Transporting molecules from one part to another (RE Rough and RE Fine).

Ribosome

This round structure consists of two large and small particles, some of which are attached along R.E. and some are solitary. The ribosome is the smallest cell organ suspended in the cell and this structure can only be seen with an electron microscope.
The function of the ribosome is as a place of protein synthesis.

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Golgi Agency

The Golgi body in plant cells is called diktiosom. Golgi's body is a polymorphic organelle, composed of a flat-shaped membrane, a vessel, a small wave, or a bowl-like formation.

How the Golgi body works:
RE accommodates & distributes protein to Golgi, Golgi reacts the protein with glyoxylate to form a glycoprotein to be carried out of the cell. (hence Golgi is also called a secretory organelle).

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Golgi Agency Functions:

1. Adding glyoxylate to proteins;
2. As a secretory organelle;
3. Synthesize (form) glycopides;
4. Form a plant cell wall;
5. Forming lysosomes.

Lysosome

lysosomes derived from (lyso = digestion, soma = the body) is a small bag-shaped membrane containing hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) called lysozymes, which function for the digestion of intra-cells (digesting substances that enter cells).

1. The formation of lysosomes
   The enzyme Lysosomes or proteins produced by the ribosome enter the RE, the enzymes inserted into the membrane are secreted into the cytoplasm into lysosomes. Additionally there is an enzyme inserted into the Golgi wrapped membrane released inside the cytoplasm.

2. The process of digestion by lysosomes:
   Example: the cell ingesting a foreign object in the form of bacteria by phagocytosis of bacteria inserted into the vacuole by the lysosome membrane of the lysosome membrane and the vacuole membrane intersecting the united membrane enzyme from the lysosome into the vacuole to digest the bacteria.

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The lysosome enzyme is inactive to digest if the lysosome membrane breaks, if the membrane breaks then the lysosome enzyme will come out of the membrane & digest the cell itself.

Mitochondria

Is an energy producer (ATP) (The power hous) because it works for respiration. In general, the mitochondria are in the form of granules / yarns and are plastic (volatile). Mitochondria multiply by dividing from the previous mitochondria (bacterial division).

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In Mitochondria have 2 membranes: Outside & inside membranes. The outer membrane is similar to the plasma membrane. In the inner membrane the inward curve forms the crystals (making the membrane surface so wider that the respiratory process becomes more effective) occurring within the mitochondrial membrane and the matrix (composed of water, protein, respiratory, salt, DNA & ions).

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Difinition of Eukariotic

Eukaryotic Cell: Structure and Function

Eukariyotic cell types