Source : Light burning
French astronomer Giovanni Casini. In the middle of the seventeenth century he was noticed one surprising thing. We know that the planets of the solar system are rotating around the sun. Everyone has a specific orbit. Orbits are not round. It is Elliptical. So its planets are not always at the same distance from each other. The same happens in the case of Earth and Jupiter.


The cassini was observing what took place in Jupiter's satellites. Jupiter's satellite can be predicted early and it is very easy to predict.


Casini showed that Jupiter was very close to the world at the time of the year, before it was estimated that it was taken several minutes before. Again, when Jupiter is the most distant from the sun, it can be seen at some time after a few minutes.

What does this mean?

The explanation was not to the Cassini. Then came the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen Romer. When the light comes from any source and hit the retina of our eyes, then we can see that object. The difference between Jupiter's two acceptance periods is because it takes two time to get light from two places.


Famous Greek philosopher and mathematician Euclid believed that light came out of the human eye. The light goes down on the object. Then people can see that object. Euclid's idea is wrong, now even schoolchildren understand it. But in the 10th century it was not easy to understand. God's seat of Greek goddesses in world science.


In the second century, Ptolemy has established a majority of Aristotle's ideas with one wrong interpretation. There is no exception to light. Ptolemy had set it aside for the wrong interpretation of Euclid's misconceptions over the ages.


Al Hajin slaughtered that idea. Iraqi Pandit Al Hasan Ibn Al-Hayasam Latin and European scientists, whom they know as Al Hajen He said, not from the eyes of the person, when light comes from the object, and when it falls on our eyes, then we see the objects.


Many of them came back after being rayed, screamed and shouted as they were born, - How does Al-Hasan's assumption of the power of throwing out the theory of Euclid-Ptolemy? Hajen then got support from two famous Arab scholars Ibn Sina and Al-Booni.


Egypt is the blue river gift. The Nile River flooded the flood every year to Egypt. This trend is going on for ages. The tenth century Egypt caliph sought eternal freedom from the flood. So he went to Al-Hajen's refuge.


Hajin came in Cairo. A project to build a dam was undertaken by monitoring the flood situation. Hassan verified that the construction of the dam could not be possible. But he did not say the caliph Rather than looking for the day, day after day. There are many advantages of royalism It can be studied like this, money does not even tie the scarves.


The construction of the dam is not possible, so Al-Hajen started using the money and the advantages of scientific research. Some of the fundamental works done on light.


Al Hajen can not build dam. So the Khalifah was once again crushed. It was heard, then, after being seduced by the madman, Hajena remained in Egypt. Secretly researched light, wrote a book titled 'Khatta Khasa', a book titled Al-Manajir. In the English translation whose name is Book of Optics. Hajena said in this book, the light goes down from the medium to the light, it slows down. Before people thought, the speed of light is infinite.


Later, the idea of ​​Hazen inspired the famous French scholar Roger Beacon of the thirteenth century. He agreed with Al Hajen and said the speed of light is much more. More than words, but the speed is not infinite.


Then another theory was about the speed of light. Pandits believed that the speed of light through zero was infinite, but the light became louder by moving through the air.


Al Hajen's theory inspired the famous German scientist Johann Kepler in the seventeenth century. He also wrote a famous book on optics called optics. The book provides food for Newton's photographic research. In that book Kepler writes, there is no obstacle for light movement through zero.


1629 years Dutch philosopher Isaac Bakerman offered a test. A light bulb from the cannon, it must be reflected in a mirror a mile away. If it takes time to reflect and return, then you can be sure that the speed of light has a limit. But no one has seen that test.


Around the time, Italian physicist Galileo Galilei made such a test. However, Galileo did not know about Bikman's offer. Galileo saw that light does not take time to cross the distance. It was Galileo's mistake. Lighting speed is very high. In the second one hundred thousand six thousand miles So it will take time to light to reflect the mirrors placed one mile away, just one-third of the one-and-a-half million of a second. Galileo did not have the technology to scale so small.So he did not realize that the light took time to move. Only after the appearance of the casino.


Romance thought of the acceptance of Jupiter's satellite, which I said at the beginning of the chapter, it means only one. Lighting is not an instant incident. That means there is a certain speed of light. But the speed of light is too much. With Jupiter, the distance of the earth is a lot. The distinction between distances in two different times of the year is not less. So the events of accepting Jupiter's satellite prove that the speed of light is fixed.


Romer's speed of light measures one lakh forty thousand miles per second. It is much less than modern measurements. But at that time the speed of light was not such a fine device. So this value of Romer measured is very much.


In the seventeenth century, the speed of the Christian high light measured 3 million kilometers in seconds. But he said, the light of the word is like a wave. The American scientist Thomas Young proved through the famous 'Double Slit' test, Hygensi is right, the light goes on wave.


Earlier Newton said that the light is actually the smallest particle particle of dynamic small particles. Media needs to be run in the waveform. Let's talk about the words. The sound makes waves in the air chest. Then the wind shook and spread it around. What does the wave of light waves on? There is no question of wave blowing in the air. What is the mode of movement?


Then scientists imagined an invisible medium. His name is Ether. It is assumed that Ether has existed at nothing in the void.


But the problem remains one.


If the light goes through the ether, is there the ether everywhere? From the far flowing star, the light bulbs come from Ithma? Or the whole universe submerged in ether?


In 1865 Scottish physicist James Clark Maxwell established his famous electromagnetic equations. This equation says that light is also a type of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell came out of the equation, for no need of any wave media. From there, there is doubt about the idea of ​​Ether. Because, the standard of light velocity has come out of Maxwell's equation. And that's three million kilometers in second. And it coincides with the hygiene measured quality.


The problem is with Ether. Maxwell could not believe Ether's case. The sound waves in the air. As long as the sound can hold on to the maximum energy, it keeps running. We see the sound wave can not continue continuously. Once it was forced to stop due to obstruction of air. If Ether is the medium of light, then one can stop the light!


Maxwell said, if there is something called ether, then there should be such incidents in the field of light. That is, when it runs through the ether to the light, it should move closer to the light. That is, the speed of light will be greater then. Again, the speed of light going towards the direction of light going through the ether at the speed of the light is going to fall behind. Maxwell thought if Ether is there, then the Earth is also rotating in the ether, circling around the Sun (in fact, the ellipse).So in January in the direction of the Earth, in the opposite direction in July. Similarly, the direction of the Earth in October will be on the opposite side of the month of April. Like the image below.

In the months of January and July, if there is an existence of ether, there is a difference between the speed of light in the earth. Maxwell told the Secretary of the Revenue Society, the editor of the Proceedings of the Royal Society.


But the light can never be stopped. Maxwell tells the editor of the Royal Society's Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society about his concept. But the editor did not seem to think Maxwell's idea. However, American physicist Albert Michaelson was inspired by Maxwell's idea.


In 1887 they did a test. Michelson-Morley's test is immortal in the history of physics. Michaelson-Morley runs the light speed test twice in relation to the Earth. Once the speed of light is determined to move towards the motion of the Earth. Once again, it is calculated at the right angle of the Earth's motion. That is why they used two mirrors. A mirror was placed around the motion of the Earth. Another world is in the sunkone. The device that was created in this way, its
name is Interferon.


At the same distance from the two mirrors, they have a mirror half-fitted. Some parts of the reflected mirror from the mirror around the motion of the Earth will reach the reflected observation space in the mirror-shaped mirror. And some parts of light reflected from the mirror in the Earth's sunlight, they come in the mirror and come to the observation place. From a light source, Michaelson and Morley sent two light rays in two mirrors. They have achieved the exact speed of the light speed of all.


Let's see if there is an object named Ether, what would be the difference in speed of light. Suppose the ship is running in a sea. Let's calm the sea. When the ship moves forward by cutting the water stream, a stream of water flows against the ship. The speed of the ship slightly slows down the stream of water. Scientists thought the earth floating in the Ithamar Sea was like a ship. The Earth is moving forward in the direction of Ether. It's going to carry Ether to the side. But the speed of the earth A curve of ether will be made towards it. The Earth is moving from west to east. So the direction of the current along the east-west will be the direction. There is no direction in the direction of the Earth's direction along the north-south. So there will be no direction of flow in the north northeast. When the light rays will be sent towards the motion of the Earth, in light then it is to go against the direction of the ether. The light is interrupted by Ether. Just like water streams slow down the ship's speed. Ether will also slow down the speed of light. If the ether wave is really there, the rays sent to the west-east will be slower than the rays sent north-south. So it will take time to come back. But the results of the Micheles-Morley exams are saying, the light bulb returns on both sides at the same time.


If there were an ether wave then there would have been two results twice. But Michaelson-Morley got the same result. So was not Ether's obstacle? Michelson-Morley's test really proves that there is nothing Ither. The test is, the proof is that the proof is. But it is not mentioned. But one day Ether's existence broke. It was a long time to wait for.


Ether's existence broke down. But many scientists could not believe it. They started raising various projects to overcome etherity related complications. Especially some scientists were totally discontented to exclude Ether. So they adopted a different way to hold Ether.


Among them was the Irish scientist Fit Gerald's project. He said, it took more time to return the light sent to the speed, but due to the motion the interferometric length was shrunk. That is, the direction of light decreased. This pathway has decreased as much, as soon as the light shadow sent along the ends of the earth can return, at the time it is returned. The amount of contraction will be based on the speed of the object. Here the interfromometer is running at the speed of the earth. He calculated that if an object in the length of 1 meter is moving at half speed of light, its length will be reduced to 0.866 meters.


Dutch scientist Hendrik Anton Laurentz took another project under his project Fitzgerald and Lorenz set up the FitzGerald-Laurent project. They use several equations in this project. Maxwell's electromagnetic equations can be used in two different intersecting structures through the Fitzgerald-Lorentz project. Mitherson-Morley examines the ether being uninhabited. But they could not solve the ether's smoke.


The solution came in 1905, by Albert Einstein. Einstein used these sources in his theory of relativity. But Fitzgerald and Lorenz used to use equations to save Ether and the velocity of light is not constant, to prove it. Einstein used them to prove the velocity of the velocity of light.


Einstein relieved Galileo's transformation equations with the theory of theoretical transformation equation. The velocity of the velocity of the light. Einstein further said, more speed than the speed of light can not be any object. Einstein's theory still reigns in the heart of natural science.
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(To be continue...)

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Check other parts of this Series here:

1. Black Hole-1 : History seen back

2. Black Hole-2 : Gravity Background

3. Black Hole-3 : Newton's Gravitation

4. Black Hole-4 : Newton's cannon and earth's escape-velocity

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