Biological Alternatives
Biocontrollers Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
insects for the control of pests in vegetable crops.
Greetings my dear steemianos ... of @issavets ... continuing with a series of topics related to agricultural sciences, I publish this post, which deals with the Biocontrollers, biological organisms capable of establishing a balance ** microorganisms-plants-animals- Man-Medium **, transforming into highly positive and efficient results in food crops.
This balance, microorganisms-plants-animals-man-medium, in its purest forms, still subsists in certain regions of the third world, in underdeveloped communities of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In India, to cite just one example, two thirds of the population is rural, very poor and dependent on natural resources and traditional production systems, which are aimed at the self-sustainability of communities. In America, in the Amazon region and in the highlands of the Andes, there are also communities that exemplify these man-nature harmonic interactions; they maintain the ethno-botanical knowledge of their ancestors about the utilitarian value of germplasm and the traditional methods for their exploitation, all in constant evolution to ensure the continuity of life.
In this same order and direction, man, as it was developed, introduced changes in natural systems, some of which had and have observable long-term effects (global warming, deforestation, loss of arable land, desertification, genetic erosion and species extinction). Within this context, the emergence of extensive monocultures characterized by the search for productivity, uniformity and ease for agroprocessing, imposed by industrial society and the market, have affected the biological balance and pressured for an entry into rigor orbis city of demanding agriculture the massive and irrational use of chemical synthesis products that are, in most cases, incompatible with all systems and with biodiversity in general.
The urgent need to become aware of this problem has emerged as a new paradigm that humanity faces and in which concrete actions must be taken to recover biodiversity and biological balance.
In a diversified agroecosystem the conditions are created to dilute the attractive stimuli, altering the normal feeding and reproductive behavior of the pests; likewise favorable environments are created for the establishment of microorganisms entomopathogens, emergence of allelopathies and beneficial antagonistic effects for the farmer Biocontrollers.
With reference to the above, we must know which are the main biological agents causing damage and diseases to crops.
Animalia Kingdom.
Insects.
- White fly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)
- False miner (Pseudoplusia includens W).
- The black palm weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus)
- Aphids
- Minador (Gnorimoschema operculella)
- Cutters (Agrotis sp, Feltia sp)
- Leaf pin (Liriomyza sp).
It is good to know a little about these insects, Insects (from Latin, literally "cut in the middle") are a class of invertebrate animals, of the edge of arthropods, characterized by presenting a pair of antennae, three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings (which, however, can be reduced or missing).
A: Head, B; Thorax, C; Abdomen
1: antenna, 2: mandible, 3: Labro, 4: maxillary palp, 5: Clípeo
6: Front; 7: Vertex; 8: Pronoto; 9: Escutelo; 10 élitro (= first pair of wings)
11: abdomen; 12: stigma; 13, 14 and 15: legs (previous, middle and
later).
A: masticator type, B: cutter-sucker type, C: chew-lamerer type
D: type picador-supadorE: Siphon tube (espiritrompa).
Precisely at once, As part of the agroecological means to control the attack of the main pathogens of crops, this is the ** integrated pest management ** (IPM) through the use of Entomorphous and Entomopathogenic. Entomphagos, are biological agents and insects that fight or attack other insects or eggs by ingestion (parasitizing) as for example
- The Ladybug (Rodolia cardinalis) Flia. coleoptera. -For vegetables ..
- Metagonostillium minensis Flia. Dipteros- For sugar cane.
- Parasitoid wasps of the genera Encarsia and Eretmocerus attack the whitefly.
In the same sense, Entomopatógenos, They are biotic agents (fungi or bacteria) that attack by mining and growing and altering the biological functions of the organism of some fungi and insects.
- Verticilliun lecanii - fungus that attacks whitefly (Hemiptera).
- Beauveria bassiana - fungus that attacks COLEOPTEROS- weevils.
- Bacillus thuringiensis - Bacteria used for mites, cabbage moth, etc.
- Trichoderma harzianum. Fungus that attacks other fungi-Pythium.
After the above considerations, you must know about the thresholds, the economic threshold indicates the degree of infestation by a pest in which the costs of a control measure are equivalent to the monetary value of the loss of harvest that this measure avoids. The intervention threshold indicates the degree of infestation in which a control measure should be implemented to avoid the harmful organism population that exceeds the economic threshold. Choosing the right time for planting can also greatly reduce the infestation in the plantation. Normally each stage of growth of the crop is associated with specific pests, therefore we must do everything possible so that the sensitive stage of the plant does not coincide with the high incidence of a pest that prefers exactly the crop in that state, for this It is necessary to know the life cycles of the most important harmful insects and the effects of their different stages on crops. but this we will treat it in another opportunity.
In reference to the previous classification, we will treat the biological control of one of the most common pests in crops such as the whitefly, which attacks cultivated plants and weeds, some of the first being: melon, leg, cucumber, pumpkin, tomato, eggplant, Potatoes, caraota, soybeans, beans, sunflowers, sesame seeds, sweet potatoes, cabbage, cotton, tobacco, yucca, among others, and weeds such as milk Euphorbia sp., Batatilla Ipomoea sp., Tostón Sesuvium portulacastrum, pira Amaranthus sp., Egg Physalis sp., until mid-1992, the INIA, National Institute of Agricultural Research, has recognized 98 species of host plants in the country.
Biological control: The whitefly has the following natural enemies that attack it:
- Parasitoid wasps of the genera Encarsia and Eretmocerus.
- Predators such as: spiders, mites, ladybugs of the family Coccinellidae (order: Coleaptera) as: Delphastus pusillus, young ladies of the family Chrysopidae (order: Neuróptera).
- Entomopathogenic fungi: Verticillium lecani, Paecilomices sp.
As a final summary, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a methodology that employs all acceptable procedures from the economic, ecological and toxicological point of view to maintain the populations of harmful organisms below the economic threshold, taking advantage of the possible natural factors that limit the spread of these organisms. Integrated pest management is to minimize the use of chemical products and give priority to biological, biotechnological and plant breeding measures, as well as to crop techniques.
More than I wish that this post, serves as an illustration to this community to know a little more about the agricultural and livestock world, waiting for your liking and satisfaction, if you liked this post give me your comment and your vote thanks ... @ issavets .. ..
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
- Arning, I. And A. Lizarraga Travaglini (edit). Ecological Pest Management - A proposal for sustainable agriculture, RAAA, Lima, Peru, 1999.
- Buley, M .. The export of products from controlled organic crops. PROTRADE / GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, 1994.
- De los Santos, A. and A. Brechelt. Recipes of natural insecticides. Foundation agriculture and environment, San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, 1996.
- COMUS. Preparation of organic pesticides. Editorial Sombrero Azul - ASTAC, El Salvador 1996.
- Grosse - Ruseshkamp, A. Integrated pest management. Schriftenreihe GTZ No. 246. Eschoborn, Germany, 1994.
This should be upfront and center:
The problem with this as well as health remedies and prevention of illness is a lack of protection that patents and trade secretes afford.
The best answer is to educate the public. Government officials and elected representatives are all influenced by big money and not long-term thinkers / planners. So, how do we turn the tide?
It's a part of the solution that could get us out of the loop!