Thank you my amiable proffersor @yousarfhakoonkhan for these wounderful lecture on centralization and decentralization, honestly inenjoyed your topic and i wish to pen down what in learnt after the lecture. what is decentralization?

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what is decentralization? when something is decentralized it means it has no base or a particular center where it is operating from,this is to say that you can never see where the thing is been centered.

centralization

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centralization can be defined or said to be an organization or institution with a center,in these type of business they has a center where they operate from which can be inform of a building.

diffrence between centralization systerm and centralized systerm.

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thou both has an important role they play,here are some of the key differences
1: the spread of communication is vertical in centralization while it is left open and free in decentralization.
2:there is slow in process of decision making where as decision making is fast in decentralization.
3:there is no proper control in decentralization unlike centralization where there is proper conyrol of power.

five advantages of a centralized system.
1: clear chain of command: in the sense that every one in the organization knows who to report to if problem arise
2: focused vision: when an organization runs a centralized sysyerm their focus will be solely on the aim of that business and how to accomplish it.
3:quick in decision making: decision can be made by one person as the cordinator and passed to the lower level managers.
5:low cost of management: they adhere to standard methods that guildes the organization and rhese leads tobr reduction in cost.

Disadvantages of centralized systerm:
1:delay in work: these is because records in instruction are been sent to from the head offices.
2:remote control: the workers are under pressure to deliver and they lack control over the implementation process in the sense that they take others from the head.
3:solutions are expected to come from the top.
4:blames and excuses normally comes in.
5:if a mistake is been done by the leader,the entire process is subject to fail.

Advantages of a decentralized system.
1 there is a strong feeling of belonging or responsibility.
2: changes cannot be done by a single person.
3:works are been carried out by all workers
4:it motivates subordinates
5:it enhances quick and better decision.

disadvantages of decentralized system.
1: lack of qualofied leaders
2:duplication of cost
3:emergency decision is not granted
4: it leads to waste of resources
5: no room for improvement since rhere is no designated leader.

which od these two is better in business or trading?
ghey all have their advantages and disadvantages thats to say that what favours this might not favour this or has a negative impact to the other,but to me when it comes to running an efficient and accurate business i will go with a centralized systerm in the sense that it will have a leader to pilot the affairs of the business to achiece its aim.
How to know if a business is centralized or not?
in have read alot about blockchain but know is giving me a 100% prove of understanding if it is centralized or not,but with my own understanding and knowledge, i will just take a look at the structure of the business formation,if it has a leader. if it do has a leader it means it is an evidence of centralized but if it does nor it is an evidence of decentralized system, thats my candid point of view.
thanks @yousafharoonkhan