解开意识之谜：从笛卡尔剧场到分裂症

cheva (77)超哥in STEEM CN/中文 • 2 months ago (edited)

哲学家笛卡尔曾说：“我思故我在。”这句话揭示了人类对自我意识的深刻思考。然而，意识的本质究竟是什么？它是如何产生的？这些问题一直困扰着科学家和哲学家。

早期科学家认为，我们感知到的外部世界都是神经元传递给大脑的信号，我们所看到的、听到的、感受到的都是真实存在的。但他们也承认，人类的感官并非绝对可靠，幻觉的存在表明我们的感知可能受到欺骗。因此，他们设想了一种可能性：我们所感知的世界可能是精妙的幻觉，一种暗示着真实，但并非绝对真实的体验。

尽管我们无法确定任何事物是否真实存在，但有一点是肯定的：自我意识的存在。思考这个问题本身就证明了我们的存在。就像一个小人在大脑中，控制着大脑这个中央控制室，通过各种屏幕接收和处理信息。

然而，这种看似无懈可击的推论并不被所有神经科学家认同。他们将这种现象称为“笛卡尔剧场”，认为这是一种幻觉，没有由原子构成的外部世界来得真实。越来越多的证据表明，并非一个统一的整体，并没有一个统一的,也就是说单一的实体存在于我们大脑当中,在观察和感受这个外部世界。

比较有趣的证据来自裂脑人实验，我们的大脑是由左右两个半球组成，通过胼胝体连接在一起。上世纪六七十年代，为了治疗癫痫患者，科学家们尝试通过手术切断胼胝体，阻止神经信号在左右半球之间传递，从而减轻癫痫发作的症状。手术后的患者生活质量确实有所提高，癫痫发作也减少了，他们的家人也没有报告可以觉察的异样。但让这些裂脑人参加精心设计的实验，就会表现出一些有趣的现象。

我们的神经系统是交叉异侧的，也就是说，左脑控制右半侧的身体，右脑控制左半侧的身体。左眼看到的图像在右脑处理，右眼看到的图像在左脑处理。让动过裂脑手术的实验对象,用左眼和右眼分别去看不同的图像,会发生很有趣的现象，因为大部分人负责语言的区域,位于左半球,实验对象能够语言表述,他右眼看到的图像的内容,但是问他：“你的左眼看到什么？”他们却回答不出来。

但是我们可以用一些其他的方法，就可以得到完全不同的结果，比如国让一个裂脑人实验对象的右眼看一幅表现海滩景色的图片，然后让他用左手从一堆玩具当中选出与图片相关的玩具。因为处理左眼视觉信息和控制左手动作的大脑区域都位于右脑，所以他能够很好的解决这个挑战，从一大堆各种玩具中选出与大海相关的漂浮橡皮鸭，尽管他无法用语言描述出他右眼到底看到的是什么。

这些实验表明，意识就像大脑一样，也可能被分割成不同的部分。每个人对同一事物都有自己的理解，这与精神疾病分裂症的症状相似。研究发现，当有类似题材的影视作品流行时，分裂症的报告数量也会增加，这表明这种认为自己有多种自我意识，多重人格的现象，其实在人群中广泛存在，只是很多情况下并没有被意识到。

接着回到意识的关于意识的科学家，软件哲学家一卡的论的名言就是我司不，我在对话的意思说，我们看到的观察到的感受到的外部世界上都是神经元传导给大脑的信号的那个时候把注意，但他们知实知道人类的感官并不说我是可靠幻觉，是存在的十足的把握，确认我们所感知的这个外部世界一定是存实的。按照当时科学还处于其人类的认识。他们设想完全可能存在一种或者说精明幻觉的方式呢，让我们感受到这个暗示真实的世界。但是尽管我们无法确定任何一样东西是真实存在的。但是有一样东西却是可以的。但就是自我意识。因为在思考存在这个问题，本身就说明我是存在的这种自我意识的感觉。就好像还有一个小人，就在我们的大脑里面，很我们的大脑就像一个中央控制室或者各种大屏幕和小人。在通过这些植物观察点一样，在很多这就神经科学的科学家并不太认同这个看似无懈可击的推论。他们把这种现象称为笛卡尔剧场越来越多的剧证据，只要比笛卡尔剧场却只是一种本身，是一种幻觉，没有由由原子构成的外部世界，那么真是越来越多的证据表明，并没有一个统一的说单一的肢体存在于我们大脑当中，在观察和感受这个外部世界要有趣的感据。来自聂老人的大脑由左右两个半球组成，而左右半球由一个叫做田肢体的桥梁连接在一起。在上世纪六七十年代生为了治疗一些癫痫患者，会用手术的方式切断片肢体，也就是左右两个半球，左脑，也就是左脑和右脑之间的连接，是阻止任何一部分一个半球发生的神经信号紊乱，通过偏肢体传导到另一个半球而减轻癫痫发作时的症状。做过这样手术的人，如果这样手术的癫痫患者生活质量确实有了一定的提高，癫痫发作时的症状也没那么严重。我的家人也没有觉察出，也没有发现可可以觉察的异样。但是让这些让这样的孽老人安加一些精心设计的实验，就会表现出非常有趣的现象。神经系统，我们人体的神经系统是交叉异侧的，也就是说左脑至右半侧的身体，右脑控制左半侧的身体，我们的视神经也是如此。左眼看到的在实验中控制，让电脑手术的患者不变，和右眼看到红的发生很有趣的现象。因为大部分人的是语言的区域，位于左半球实验对象能够语言描述，而右眼看到的不像的内容问他，你的左眼看到了什么，他却回答不出来。但是我们可以用一些其他的方法就可以换一个。就是除北兽师北寿师的聂老人，按以幅度被导人的左眼那一步表现景色的，然后让他用左手从一堆玩具当中选出与图片相关的玩具。因为左眼的比左眼视觉信息的平衡和控制，左手的大脑区域都位于右脑，所以他能够很好的处理一些关节，对协调动作空管率都选出大海相关的漂浮橡皮压，所以他就无法描述那保是什么？在这个实验中，受视对象的意识，也像他的大脑一样，变成两个相关的人，每个人都对自己看到的东西有一套理解，近年来越来越受到关注的精精神疾病呈分裂症，似乎也支持类似的想法。当然，通过研究发现，也正着报告案例，新文化的潮流有很大的相关。当有类似题材的影视流行画作品流行的时候，此类你的报告数量也会跟着增加。说明这种认为自己有多种同就就去感知到意识的非同一新的现象，其实是在群中广泛存在。可是很多情况下并没有被意识到。

The philosopher Descartes said, "I think, therefore I am." This statement reveals the profound thinking of human self-consciousness. But what is the nature of consciousness? How does it come about? These questions have long puzzled scientists and philosophers.
Early scientists believed that our perception of the outside world was all signals sent by neurons to the brain, and that what we saw, heard, and felt was real. But they also acknowledge that human senses are not infallible, and the presence of hallucinations suggests that our perceptions can be deceived. So they imagined the possibility that the world we perceive might be a subtle illusion, an experience that suggests reality, but not absolute reality.
Although we can't be sure that anything really exists, one thing is certain: self-awareness exists. Thinking about it is a proof of our existence. It's like a little person in the brain, controlling this central control room of the brain, receiving and processing information through various screens.
However, this seemingly watertight inference is not shared by all neuroscientists. They called this phenomenon "Cartesian theater" and argued that it was an illusion, no more real than the external world made up of atoms. There is growing evidence that there is not a unified whole, there is not a unified, that is to say, a single entity that exists in our brains, observing and experiencing the external world.
More interesting evidence comes from the split-brain experiment, in which our brains are made up of two hemispheres, joined together by the corpus callosum. In the 1960s and 1970s, to treat epilepsy patients, scientists tried to reduce the symptoms of seizures by surgically severing the corpus callosum, which prevents nerve signals from traveling between the left and right hemispheres. After surgery, patients did have an improved quality of life, fewer seizures, and no detectable abnormalities reported by their families. But when these split-brained people participate in well-designed experiments, they show some interesting things.
Our nervous system is chiasmatic, meaning that the left brain controls the right side of the body and the right brain controls the left side of the body. Images seen by the left eye are processed in the right brain, and images seen by the right eye are processed in the left brain. When subjects who have undergone splitbrain surgery look at different images with their left and right eyes, something interesting happens, because most people's language area is in the left hemisphere, and the subject is able to verbalize what he sees with his right eye, but ask him, "What does your left eye see?" But they could not answer.
But we can get completely different results using other methods, such as asking a split-brain subject to look at a picture of a beach scene with his right eye, and then asking him to select the toy related to the picture from a list of toys. Because the regions of the brain that process visual information from the left eye and control the movements of the left hand are located in the right brain, he was able to solve the challenge well, picking out the floating rubber duck associated with the sea from a wide range of toys, even though he could not verbally describe what he was seeing with his right eye.
These experiments suggest that consciousness, like the brain, may also be segmented into different parts. Everyone has their own interpretation of the same thing, which is similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia. The study found that the number of reports of schizophrenia also increased when there was a popular film and television series with similar themes, suggesting that this phenomenon of believing that you have multiple self-consciousness and multiple personalities is actually widespread in the population, but in many cases it is not recognized.