Why a faecal transplant could save your life

The faecal transplant, also known as trans-poo-sion, surely has the title of medicine's most disgusting procedure.

It is pretty much what you are imagining - part of a faecal stool is taken from one person and given to another.

The purpose is to introduce new beneficial microbes to the receiving patient's digestive system.

And it can be life-saving.

It shows just how important microbes, which colonise nearly every surface of our body, are to our health.

The gut is an exceptionally rich world with many different species of micro-organisms interacting with each other and our human tissue.

Down in the dark, oxygen-deprived depths of your bowels is an ecosystem as rich as a rainforest or coral reef.

But a bacterium called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) can take over and dominate the bowels.

It is an opportunist and normally takes hold after patients have been treated with antibiotics.

Antibiotic drugs are one of the miracles of the modern age, but they kill good and bad bacteria alike.

They are like a forest fire burning through the gut's microbiome - the collected micro-organisms living down there - leaving behind a scorched microbial earth on which C. difficile flourishes.

The microbiome
You are more microbe than human - if you count all the cells in your body, only 43% are human
The rest is our microbiome and includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and single-celled archaea
The human genome - the full set of genetic instructions for a human being - is made up of 20,000 instructions called genes
But add all the genes in our microbiome together and the figure comes out at between two million and 20 million microbial genes and is known as the second genome
More than half your body is not human

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Performing the transplant
The problem with C. difficile is that patients will have multiple bouts of watery and even bloody diarrhoea every day, tummy cramps, fever and in the most severe cases the infection is fatal.

The best that medicine has to offer is more antibiotics; it is the definition of a vicious circle.

A stool transplant - or to give it its full title "a faecal microbiota transplant" - aims to repopulate the patient's gut with the microbes from a healthy person.

A relative is often used as they would have had similar gut bacteria.

After a "sample" is produced, it is mixed with water.

Some techniques break the poo up by hand while others blitz it in a household blender.

There are two routes for getting the sample into the required location - down through the mouth or up through the rectum.

Listen to The Second Genome on BBC Radio 4.

The next episode airs 11:00 BST Tuesday April 24, repeated 21:00 BST Monday April 30 and on the BBC iPlayer

Dr Janet Jansson, a microbial ecologist from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington State in the US, was part of the team trying to prove trans-poo-tion works.

The patient was a 61-year-old woman who had had chronic diarrhoea for around eight months and had lost 27kg in weight.

"It was really a desperate plea for some kind of solution, she was at risk of dying from this C. difficile infection, all of the antibiotics were ineffective," said Dr Jansson.

A sample of healthy stool was transplanted from her husband.

Dr Jansson told the BBC she was very surprised at its success.

"Amazingly two days after that she was able to have normal stools, normal bowel movements, she was basically cured," she said.

"As a microbial ecologist, this is very unusual.

"We saw she went from a very diseased state, when you look at the microbial species, to a healthy microbiome that was very similar to her husband's," Dr Jansson added....http://www.bbc.com/news/health-43815369