Why is Amazon the Most Expensive Company in the World or How Amazon of 2018 is Facebook of 2015
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When people like Nouriel Roubini cry about the lack of intrinsic value in Bitcoin, they are miss-ing the central point of crypto. Cryptocurrency is a new kind of platform. A platform brings pro-ducers and consumers in a new way to help them interact freely and create value. Crypto has all of the value creation potential of platform businesses such as Visa/Mastercard (yes, credit card companies are just a platform), Facebook, Uber, Airbnb. But they also lack one very pernicious feature of those platforms. So, growth of Bitcoin is guided by the Metcalfe’s Law for networks. It suggests that value in the network grows as a square of the number of participants. Cryptocur-rencies and decentralized platforms in particular do not need to extract the value that the plat-form provides. Instead in a decentralized platform, the value accrues to the participants.
Platforms are an awesome tool. Awesome not in the sense ‘good’, but in the sense ‘scary power-ful’. They have basically taken over the economy, as platforms with same level of earnings are valued 10x their traditional counterparts. But centralized platforms start off as fairy tales and end as horror movies. They start out by offering something really cool for next to nothing, but later they seek to subjugate and dominate not only competitors, but partners and customers.
Amazon as the Biggest Platform In The World
Amazon Inc. just passed Apple and Microsoft as the highest valued company in the world. Virtu-ally nobody is surprised by this. But we all should be. After all, this is a company that was con-sistently losing money only a few years ago. In fact, its current Latest-Twelve-Months Price-to-Earnings ratio is somewhere around 95! Are investors crazy to make them the most valuable company in the world? Let’s find out (Hint: NO!).
Consider the below chart of trailing 12-month Earnings-Per-Share. Look at the last two quarter bars on the right of the chart. Revenue doubled in the course of only a few months. Stuff of dreams! How can a huge established company ramp up their earnings the way Amazon did in 2018?
Exhibit - Amazon Earnings Per Share History
Source: Macrotrends.net
What happened? Did Amazon open up new markets? Created a new iPhone? Found philosopher’s stone? Looking at Amazon’s revenue chart below just shows steady growth, no explosion.
Source: Yahoo Finance
So, what gives?
No, it wasn’t Alexa that brought in all those sales. It was the ... profit margins. Look at the Net Profit Margin chart below. North American margins increased from 1.9% four quarters ago to 5.7%. Overall margin (the rightmost point on the chart) has surpassed 4%, despite negative mar-gins in Europe (loss margin in Europe is still -3%).
Exhibit - Amazon Trailing-Twelve-Month Net Margin
So, how can we explain such an explosion in net margins for a large established business?
Evolution of Amazon
Well, much of it is explained by the life cycle of platform’s relationship with its ecosystem. I posted that chart in one of my recent posts (that one was about Facebook: https://steemit.com/socialmedia/@cryptolo-io/facebook-is-a-deeply-inefficient-and-parasitic-company-and-here-is-why).
Source: https://medium.com/s/story/why-decentralization-matters-5e3f79f7638e
As you can see, a platform starts by being extremely cooperative and offering some great service for free or at a deep discount. In the middle of the graph, customers and suppliers are starting to pay more and eventually they are paying much much more in many different ways, while the platform rides high.
Amazon is done offering its amazing service at a loss to itself. Most of the competition is irrepa-rably damaged, the scale gained is tremendous. Time to turn the screws. So, Amazon is some-where just to the right of center in those graphs above. Gradually, they are clawing back the capi-tal they’ve spent.
There is an important wrinkle in the Amazon story. Note that the profit margin was actually posi-tive before starting to decline in late-2010. What happened around time? Well, financial markets finally got over the tremendous crash of 2008 and were really off to the races. Gains started in 2009, but the sense of riskiness didn’t really subside until mid-2010. Once the markets settled down and liquidity started flowing, Jeff Bezos used the opportunity provided by the Federal Re-serve’s zero interest rate policy to increase Amazon’s market share. In fact, Amazon’s market share of e-commerce basically doubled since 2010 and is now approaching 50%! Running losses is not a problem when all financial assets are lifted by free capital.
However, as we now see in Amazon’s profit margins, the ‘philantropy’ story is over. And it is very timely for Amazon, just as the rates are beginning to rise and free capital is no longer avail-able.
Corporate Welfare
Amazingly, Amazon is actually a recipient of corporate welfare. In 2017 the company reported $5.6 billion in profit, paid zero taxes and actually got a refund of $137 million. What?? Yes, that is how the tax code is written now. Amazon takes tax credits for various R&D projects and also can write off stock compensation to executives as a cost! I am guessing that R&D probably in-cludes much of the technical machinery to gather big data about its customers to make even more money.
And there you have it. Can you get paid by the federal government to create technology that actually uses customer’s data to sell them more stuff they don’t need? If not, you are not as smart as Amazon. In 2018 Amazon made out even better. And let’s not forget the $6.2 billion in tax incentives it is set to receive starting in 2019 for a decision to based its headquarters in New York and Virginia (conveniently located to major centers of financial and political power in the United States). So, it is not just about increasing margins. Having built a quasi-monopolistic po-sition on back of virtually free credit courtesy of Federal Reserve, Amazon is now not only in-creasing margins, but monetizing its dominant position in many other ways in both private and public sector.
Is Amazon of 2018 the Facebook of 2015?
In my previous post, I outlined how Facebook used the same strategy to win over the market and then monetize personal data of something like 15% of world’s population. So given the similari-ties (and disregarding the differences for the moment), why is Amazon up so much and Facebook down nearly 50% from its highs?
We can find the answer when we look at Facebook’s profit margins for the corresponding period in the chart below. Notice that Facebok started reducing their margins to win market share on the back of Fed’s free money policy around 2010; same as Amazon. However, Facebook started ex-tracting value from the platform much sooner, specifically around 2013.
So we can say that Amazon of 2018 is Facebook of 2015. But is Amazon of 2021 going to re-semble Facebook of 2018 (massive stock price losses). I actually doubt that. Facebook has to stay afloat by constantly buying up more dynamic competitors like Instagram. It also has to monetize personal data of customers, because it doesn’t actually sell anything. Amazon realistically sells everything, so it doesn’t need to sell the data. It can just quietly use the massive amount of data it already has to take over the market further.
Also, the technological barriers to entry are quite low in social network business (though scale is hard). With today’s technology a team of five great developers can build 85% of Facebook’s use-ful features in 10 months. Not the same with Amazon. The incredible infrastructure that Amazon developed on the ground makes it virtually unbeatable for decades to come.
Exhibit - Facebook Trailing-Twelve-Month Profit Margin
Incidentally, this analysis can also explain the negative profit margin for Amazon in Europe (re-member, it is -3%). The reason is that in Europe market share is not high enough to start extract-ing value. Yet.
Alexa, why are you laughing?
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