ULTIMATE GUIDE TO NOOTROPICS | PART 1 | AN INTRODUCTION TO A NEW CLASS OF COMPOUNDS

Credits to http://nootropicsdepot.com/

The word “nootropic” was coined in 1972, by Romanian psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea. Its etymology derives from the Greek words νους nous, meaning "mind", and τρέπειν trepein meaning "to turn." Giurgea defined a nootropic as a compound that enhances an aspect of human cognition, while being extremely safe, nontoxic, or neuroprotective. Essentially the idea was that taking a nootropic was a safe way to improve an aspect of human cognition, like memory, reasoning, and mood. This was meant to differentiate it from other compounds, like amphetamine, that have side effects, tolerance, and the chance of addiction. Over the years the definition of a nootropic has loosened. However, the original definition was meant to separate proven safe cognitive enhancers from riskier ones. Today the term nootropic is used to define any number of synthetic and natural substances that improve human cognition. The compound that led Giurgea to create the term nootropic was called piracetam; which many claim is the first nootropic ever developed. However, the honor of being called the first nootropic may actually fall to a different compound that came before it, called pyritinol.

IS PYRITINOL THE FIRST NOOTROPIC?

Pyritinol was created in 1961 by Merck Laboratories, by bonding 2 vitamin B6 compounds (pyridoxine) together with a disulfide bridge. While the term “nootropic” did not exist in 1961 when Merck created pyritinol, it was developed for the purpose of improving cognition and learning disorders. It was the first nootropic in the class of vitamin B derivatives, which later grew to include sulbutiamine. Sulbutiamine is a dimer of thiamine (vitamin B1). So where pyritinol is two vitamin B6 molecules bound together, sulbutiamine is two vitamin B1 molecules bound together. This makes them less polar, and able to cross the blood brain barrier better. This class of modified B vitamin derivatives later grew to even more compounds, like pyridoxamine, benfotiamine, pirisudanol, and nicotinamide riboside. But at the start of it all, and 11 years before the word nootropic was even created, pyritinol came into existence in a Merck laboratory in Germany. This is considered by some to be the true start of the nootropic journey. Even though the honor of being the first nootropic may go to pyritinol, it is piracetam that most people think of when they hear the term. Giurgea may have created the word “nootropic” in 1972 , but it was 1964 when he first synthesized piracetam. This first compound’s success led to an ever expanding family of compounds called racetams.

UNDERSTANDING NOOTROPIC NAMES

By now you may be thinking, why the term racetam? Natural and synthetic compounds can sometimes have long complex names, and are generally derived from the individual pieces of their chemical structures. Sometimes these chemical names can be very long and hard to remember. So those that develop new compounds often create shorter names for them; usually based on crucial functional groups on the molecules. We’ll use a common example to start.

Amphetamine, the main component of the ADHD drug Adderall, actually has a chemical name of alpha-methyl phenylethylamine. This is where the name amphetamine came from. Interestingly enough, the proper term alpha-methyl phenylethylamine is derived from the fact that amphetamine is just phenylethylamine with an alpha-methyl grouping attached to it. So you can see how chemical names come to be, and how the individual components of a molecule can affect compounds made using it. Piracetam’s chemical name is 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. This is where the term “racetam” comes from, and what led to an every growing family of nootropics based around the 2-pyrrolidone base structure. The first racetam, piracetam, was named after the pyr (from pyrrolidone) and the acetamide group attached to it. So why not pyracetam? I suspect Dr. Giurgea didn’t want pyritinol (named from its two pyridine rings) and pyracetam to confuse people about what they were taking, and also to stand out from Merck Labs. You will see some Russian studies referring to it as pyracetam, but most of the western world calls it piracetam.

THE MODERN NOOTROPIC MOVEMENT

What started with pyritinol in 1961, and was later given the name “nootropic” in 1972, has slowly grown to encompass a wide variety of synthetic and natural compounds that improve human cognition. While racetams are what many people first think when they hear the term, there are now countless others; from the modified B vitamins like pyritinol and sulbutiamine, to choline sources like Alpha-GPC and CDP-Choline. There are also adaptogens like panax ginseng, ashwagandha, bacopa, and rhodiola, and other compounds like noopept, centrophenoxine, uridine, DMAE, curcumin, and creatine. In addition, mushrooms that have been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine, like Lion’s Mane, Cordyceps, and Reishi, are now being scientifically proven to improve aspects of human cognition. With our access to knowledge and information growing every day, advancements in the nootropics space are becoming more frequent. Dr. Giurgea passed away in Brussels in 1995. However, I think he would be proud to see the expansion of his vision today. The modern nootropic movement is all about expansion of knowledge, and the ever present desire to improve ourselves. It’s about a community-driven methodical push to advance our understanding of human cognition, and there has never been a better time to jump in. Imagine where we will be in another 10 years!

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