Internal operation of batteries of cell phones and laptops. And tips to extend battery life

These batteries are rechargeable or secondary batteries, which in recent decades have had a surprising rise due to the appearance of devices (cell phones, laptops) that require greater autonomy and mobility, that is why many researchers around the world have Improve the performance and durability (cycle of loading and unloading) of these batteries, many internal configurations and materials have been used to improve these characteristics, but it was not until the year 1990 when Sony introduced the revolutionary rechargeable Ion-Li battery , Using graphite charcoal as anode, a lithium-rich electrolyte and lithium cobalt (LiCoO2) oxide as cathode, these anode and cathode intercalation compounds optimized the performance of the batteries, developing specific energies of 120-150 Wh / Kg, a potential above 3.6 V and a cyclability of more than 1000 cycles.

Figure 1 shows the process of charge and discharge a lithium ion battery, in the charging process the lithium ions are de-intercalated and move through the supporting electrolyte to the anode to interleave in this, while in. The discharge process the lithium ions at the anode are de-intercalated and are moved to cathode. This process is best seen in video 1.

Figure 1, charge and discharge process

Some Tips To Extend The Life Of Your Cell Phone Battery

1. Keep in mind that Li-Ion batteries resist between 300 and 1,000 loads. The average life of a battery can be extended by preventing it from fully discharging. Recharging it completely necessitates the use of a greater number of so-called charge cycles, which in the long run is not good. Therefore, it is advisable to let them discharge up to 40% or 50% of their capacity and recharge them again.
2. It is also not recommended to charge the batteries of our devices up to 100% capacity. In fact, experts recommend doing it up to 80% or 90% .
3. Lithium-ion batteries are 'smart', as the devices tell us about the approximate charge time left to the battery. After several charges and discharges, these values are no longer accurate, so to recalibrate the battery manufacturers recommend a simple trick: do a full download every month.
4. You have to be careful also with the type of charger used. Using any one not only helps to reduce the life of the batteries, but also can be dangerous. A battery that connects to an improper charger may overheat and even catch fire.
5. You should also be aware of outdated usage tips. When buying a mobile phone, some sellers recommend charging the battery completely before using it for the first time. This is no longer necessary although it was convenient before the lithium-ion batteries appeared. On current batteries, the first charge equals any of the following.
   At the same time, to better manage the energy available while using the mobile phone it is advisable to follow a series of practical and simple tips:
6. Darkens the screen to significantly improve the battery life of your battery. The display of the phone is the component that consumes the most energy and the brighter it is, the more it spends. Sets a short time interval to darken the screen when not in use. If the standby time is too short, you may need to touch the screen periodically to avoid timeout while reading the content.
7. Reduce the frequency of application updates and synchronizations. For example, configure your social media applications to update manually rather than automatically, so that they are not constantly running in the background, or while the phone is not being used at all. Apple's I Cloud also syncs frequently, and should shut down when you do not need it.
8. Remove unnecessary widgets and animations. On many phones, bells and whistles (message entry notices) on the home screen can use important resources, especially if you are updating news or time frequently, or using animations where a static image would be enough.
9. Turn off Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and GPS when not in use. Each receiver or transmitter in the phone uses power even when it is not connected, and the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi options periodically search for devices, depleting the battery charge even more. Some smartphones include a widget that allows you to turn these antennas on or off when they are not needed.
10. Use the battery protector or power save mode if your phone's operating system has them. These functions allow you to automatically control the most consuming features, including applications in constant operation, widgets, animations and screen brightness.

References
Patil, A.; Patil, V.; Wook Shin, D.; Choi, J.-W.; Paik, D.-S.; Yoon, S.-J. Issue and Challenges Facing Rechargeable Thin Film Lithium Batteries. Mater. Res. Bull. 2008, 43, 1913–1942.
http://architecnologia.blogspot.com/2014/04/baterias-de-ion-litio-conceptos.html
https://es.finance.yahoo.com/blogs/finyahoofinanzases/11-consejos-alargar-vida-bater-tu-smartphone-162525162.html