Business history and origins

Early Era Business:
The beginning of trading in the history of human civilization can be traced back to the Neolithic period about 10,000 years ago. Ever since humans started farming, the need for barter arose. Initially, business was conducted through barter system. Farmers then bartered their crops for animals or other necessities. This system is called 'barter system'.

Businesses of Ancient Civilizations:
Trade played an important role in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. Agricultural production and trade were common in Egypt's Nile Valley. During the Indus Civilization, cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro developed as centers of trade. Manufactured goods and the use of metal coins were prevalent in these cities, which facilitated trade transactions.

Trade in Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations:
Business was of immense importance in Greek civilization. They traded by sea and established their colonies in various places. Greek merchants exported olive oil, wine, and other products. Business became more organized during the Roman Empire. The Romans increased commercial facilities by building roads and ports. At the same time the circulation of metallic coins also increased greatly.

Trade in the Middle Ages:
Trade in the Middle Ages was mainly dependent on agriculture and handicrafts. The feudal system was prevalent in Europe at this time, where local lords owned the land and peasants were their subjects. But gradually cities and trade centers were built. Various commercial organizations, such as guilds and associations of merchants, were formed. By the end of the Middle Ages, markets and fairs became increasingly common in Europe, leading to the expansion of trade.

Beginning of Modern Age:
In the early modern period, trade expanded and global trade relations developed. Global exploration and colonization by Europeans in the 15th century expanded business horizons. In particular, explorers such as Vasco da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan discovered new trade routes. During this period, the Commercial Revolution took place in European countries, which gave rise to new commercial ideas and technologies.

Industrial Revolution and Business Changes:
The Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries brought about a great change in business. The mechanization of production processes and the rise of factories led to mass production of goods. During this time the invention of steam power, textile machines, and railroads completely changed the concept of commercial transportation and production.

Emergence of Modern Business:
The beginning of the 20th century saw even greater changes in business. The emergence of communication media such as telephone, radio, and television accelerated business activities. Global economic growth after World War II, especially in the United States and Europe, helped expand business. Multinational companies emerged and globalization of business began.

Age of Information Technology:
The advent of the Internet in the 1990s revolutionized the business world. New ideas and technologies such as e-commerce, online banking, and digital marketing become the main driving force of business. Technology companies like Amazon, Google, and Facebook open new horizons for business.

Current Business Lines:
The current business environment is rapidly changing and competitive. Technology, innovation, and globalization bring new opportunities and challenges to business. Green economy, social responsibility, and sustainable development are playing an important role in today's business decisions.

Conclusion:
The history of business is an ancient and complex subject that is inextricably linked with the development of human civilization. The transition from the early barter system to today's digital economy has been a long and exciting journey. This evolution of business has had a profound impact on our social, economic and cultural life and is expected to generate more new and innovative ideas in the future.