Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding a Growing Global Challenge

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, responsible for a gradual decline in memory, thinking abilities, and everyday functioning. It is a progressive brain disorder that slowly damages nerve cells, leading to difficulties with communication, reasoning, and behaviour. According to major health organisations, Alzheimer’s typically begins later in life, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 65. However, it is not considered a normal part of ageing; instead, it results from complex changes in the brain that researchers are still working to fully understand.

The earliest symptoms often include mild memory lapses such as forgetting recent conversations or misplacing items but over time, the condition advances to more severe cognitive impairment. People may struggle with language, become disoriented, or experience mood changes and confusion. As the disease progresses, individuals eventually require full-time support, as even basic tasks like eating or dressing can become challenging.

Scientists believe that Alzheimer’s is linked to abnormal protein build-up in the brain, including amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which disrupt communication between neurons and lead to cell death. While the exact cause remains unclear, several risk factors have been identified. These include increasing age, genetics, cardiovascular health, untreated depression, and lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications may temporarily support memory and thinking, while non-drug approaches such as cognitive stimulation, physical activity, and social engagement play an important role in maintaining well-being. Early diagnosis is crucial, as it allows individuals and families to plan ahead, access support services, and adopt strategies that may slow progression.

As global populations age, Alzheimer’s represents a growing public health challenge. Continued research, compassionate care, and increased awareness are essential to supporting those affected and advancing our understanding of this complex condition.