Digestion in human beings

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Today topic of discussion is digestion process in human beings.This is most important for our health.
First of all digestion starts from oral cavity.It includes teeth, mouth,cheeks and salivary glands.When we eat food salivary glands secrete saliva.Saliva and mucus mixed to form bolus .Here are some enzymes which starts digestion like amylase . Bolus is pushed back by floor of tongue toward pharnx.

From pharynx it becomes in voluntary because upper part of esophagus contain skeletal muscles which are under control.When food moves towards stomach it becomes involuntary.It goes nto stomach through cardiac spinter.When food come into stomach is known as chume.

Stomach is muscular bag containing glands.Muscles perform mixing and moving of food.Glandular part release secretions.Goblet cells secrete mucus which softens the chyme.Parital cell secretes Hcl and Chief cell secretes pepsinogen hormone for breakdown of proteins.Pepsinogen is inactive form it is activated by Hcl.The walls of stomach are covered by mucus this will protect stomach's wall from being broken down by pepsinogen and reduce the risks of ulcers.After perfoimg their functions it moves into small intestine.The onething I explain is the pH .pH of oral cavity is basic , stomach is acidic and intestine's is basic.Ph is maintain by bicarbonate ions.When chyme moves into small intestine known as chyle.Small intestine has three parts dudenum,jajumum and ileum.In the dudenum trypsinogen is secreted which is activated by interokinase.

Here bile and pancreatic juice is secreted which is good for digestion.If bile or pancreatic juice is not secreted than there will be pH problems and may cause ulcers.Bile contain salts pigments and some toxins .Bile is stored in gallbladder.Bile is concentrated by gallbladder like molasses.Here some of the protein which are not broken down are broke here.Digestion occurs in duedenum and jejunum.Absorption of food take place in ileum.When most of the food is digested absorption take place and absorbed in blood .This blood will move in the liver where toxins and metabolites are removed from blood.Ammonia is converted into urea.Than this blood will move toward kidney where blood is filtered and urine is formed.This urine is excreted out of body.This will move from kidneys to ureters.From ureters to urinary bladder.Here stores for sometime than excreted out through urethra.

Now come on large intestine.The remain food particles are moved into large intestine.The fermentation occurs in ceacum of large intestine.Here finger like projection appendix is also present which is non functional in human. Most of water is absorbed and remain waste material is store in rectum.This is known as feces it contain fiber, sloughed off mucosal cell and wastes.Vitamin k is yield by bacteria.
Now some complications:-
In diarrhea the water in not absorbed properly.This condition starts due to dehydration. In this condition we should take solutes to maintain water balance .we should take .0.9% NaCl solution.If you have ORS it's quite good.

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Ors contain water,salt and glucose.Dont take protein in diet because protein cause dehydration.
The other condition is constipation in this condition excess water is absorbed.This condition can be cured by taking substances which can cause movement of muscles. Movement is performed by acetylcholine.

We should take substances containing this chemical like tea, coffee etc . Nicotine is present in these substances.
One thing is that smokers are addicted to smoking 🚬 and cigarettes contain nicotine which perform muscle movement.After smoking they only get rid of their fecal materials.

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Regards: ZEESHAN MANZOOR